Governments are coming under growing pressure to treat digital platforms and AI tools as a developmental policy issue rather than a narrow technology question. The concern is no longer confined to screen time or online safety in the abstract, but increasingly centres on how heavy exposure to algorithmic feeds and AI-assisted cognition may affect attention, memory and higher-order reasoning, particularly among younger users whose executive functions are still maturing.

The case for intervention rests on a convergence of neuroscience and behavioural research. Heavy digital use has been linked to weaker engagement of higher-order thinking, with studies cited in the report pointing to declines in attention, working memory and executive functioning when social media use becomes highly frequent or addictive. AI introduces a related dynamic through cognitive offloading, where users delegate memory, reasoning and problem-solving to external systems. Research referenced in the piece suggests higher AI tool use correlates with greater offloading and weaker critical-thinking outcomes, while an MIT study conducted between April and July 2025 found a decline in cognitive abilities among participants using AI for defined tasks compared with a control group.

That matters because the brain develops through repeated use. Neural circuits strengthen when they are activated consistently, and the prefrontal cortex, which governs planning, decision-making, impulse control and goal-directed behaviour, does not fully mature until roughly ages 21 to 25. During adolescence and early adulthood, the activities performed most often help shape working memory, cognitive flexibility and judgment. If digital systems reduce the need for sustained mental effort by curating information, generating arguments, summarising text or solving problems, they may change the cognitive habits being reinforced during those formative years.

Policy responses are beginning to reflect that shift in understanding. Australia’s Online Safety Amendment Act bars children under 16 from holding accounts on major social media platforms and places the burden on companies to prevent under-age use, with penalties for non-compliance. Karnataka has announced plans to ban social media use for children under 16, while Sweden and other European jurisdictions are debating tighter digital safeguards. The common aim is not to eliminate technology, but to shape the conditions under which it is used, especially where developmental risks appear most acute.

The strategic issue now is whether regulation can move quickly enough to keep pace with tools designed to maximise engagement and reduce mental friction. That question reaches beyond childhood policy and into the broader governance of technologies that increasingly influence how societies learn, decide and pay attention.

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